Tipula

Tipula
Tipula oleracea
Classification
Règne	Animalia
Embranchement	Arthropoda
Sous-embr.	Hexapoda
Classe	Insecta
Sous-classe	Pterygota
Infra-classe	Neoptera
Super-ordre	Endopterygota
Ordre	Diptera
Sous-ordre	Nematocera
Infra-ordre	Tipulomorpha
Super-famille	Tipuloïdea
Famille	Tipulidae
Sous-famille	Tipulinae
Genre
Tipula Linnaeus, 1758
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Tipula − du latin tippula « araignée d'eau »^[1] − est un genre de diptère dont le représentant le plus connu est la Tipule potagère (Tipula oleracea), nuisible aux cultures maraîchères en France. De même, les larves des Tipules des prairies (Tipula paludosa, Tipula vernalis) peuvent engendrer des dégâts dans les cultures maraîchères.

L'adulte

La tipule est un insecte diptère de la famille des tipulidés dont l'aspect rappelle celui d'un moustique de très grande taille. Cependant, ce n'est pas un insecte piqueur.

Il est fréquent d'en voir à la fin du printemps ou pendant l'été au Canada et en France. On voit la tipule au début de l'automne lorsqu'elle cherche à entrer dans les habitations pour se protéger des premiers frimas.

En France et en Belgique, on l'appelle aussi cousin^[2] mais ce terme est aussi réservé à d'autres moustiques : « cousin commun » (Culex pipiens), « cousin annelé » (Culiseta annulata).

La larve

La larve est un long asticot gris qui vit dans le sol où elle se nourrit de racines de plantes.

Histoire

En septembre 2010, une recrudescence de tipules a lieu en France : après une fin d'été sèche, elle est due à l'éclosion simultanée de toutes les larves, évitant l'asphyxie des sols inondés^[3].

Galerie photos

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  couvert de rosée

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  détail de la tête

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  Adulte

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  larve

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  Ctenophora sp.

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  tête de Tipulidae

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  Ctenophora sp.

Liste des espèces du genre Tipula

Liste des espèces du genre Tipula

Tipula abdominalis Say Tipula abscissa Alexander, 1946 Tipula accurata Alexander, 1927 Tipula acuta Tipula acutipleura Doane, 1912 Tipula aequalis Doane, 1901 Tipula afflicta Dietz, 1915 Tipula aitkeniana Alexander, 1944 Tipula alascaensis Alexander, 1923 Tipula alaska Alexander, 1918 Tipula albertensis Alexander, 1927 Tipula albimacula Doane, 1901 Tipula albocaudata Doane, 1901 Tipula albocincta Doane, 1901 Tipula albofascia Doane, 1901 Tipula alcestis Alexander, 1946 Tipula aldrichiana Alexander, 1929 Tipula aleutica Alexander, 1923 Tipula algonquin Alexander Tipula alpium (Bergroth, 1888) Tipula alta Doane, 1912 Tipula angulata Loew, 1864 Tipula annulicornis Say, 1829 Tipula apache Alexander, 1916 Tipula aperta Alexander, 1918 Tipula apicalis Loew, 1863 Tipula aplecta Alexander, 1946 Tipula appendiculata Loew, 1863 Tipula aprilina Alexander, 1918 Tipula arctica Curtis, 1835 Tipula armata Doane, 1901 Tipula arnaudi Alexander, 1965 Tipula aspersa Doane, 1912 Tipula aspidoptera Alexander, 1916 Tipula athabasca Alexander, 1927 Tipula atrisumma Doane, 1912 Tipula australis Doane, 1901 Tipula awanichi Alexander, 1947 Tipula azteca Alexander, 1925 Tipula bakeri Alexander, 1954 Tipula bakeriana Alexander, 1954 Tipula balioptera Loew, 1863 Tipula baliopteroides Alexander, 1945 Tipula banffiana Alexander, 1946 Tipula barbata Doane, 1901 Tipula barda Alexander, 1959 Tipula beatula Tipula bellamyi Alexander, 1965 Tipula bellardiana Alexander, 1926 Tipula bergrothiana Alexander, 1918 Tipula bernardinensis Alexander, 1946 Tipula besselsi Osten Sacken, 1876 Tipula besselsoides Alexander, 1919 Tipula biavicularia Alexander, 1965 Tipula bicornis Forbes, 1890 Tipula bifalcata Doane, 1912 Tipula bigeminata Alexander, 1915 Tipula biproducta Alexander, 1947 Tipula bituberculata Doane, 1901 Tipula biuncus Doane, 1912 Tipula borealis Walker, 1848 Tipula boregoensis Alexander, 1946 Tipula breedlovei Alexander, 1969 Tipula brevifurcata Alexander, 1926 Tipula breviligula Alexander, 1956 Tipula broweri Alexander, 1940 Tipula bucera Alexander, 1927 Tipula cahuilla Alexander, 1920 Tipula calaveras Alexander, 1944 Tipula calcarata Doane, 1901 Tipula caloptera Tipula calopteroides Alexander Tipula canadensis Loew, 1864 Tipula capistrano Alexander, 1946 Tipula carinata Doane, 1901 Tipula caroliniana Alexander, 1916 Tipula carsoni Alexander, 1963 Tipula carunculata Alexander, 1946 Tipula catalinensis Alexander, 1950 Tipula catawba Alexander Tipula catawbiana Alexander, 1940 Tipula cavagnaroi Alexander, 1965 Tipula cayuga Alexander, 1915 Tipula cazieri Alexander, 1942 Tipula centralis Loew, 1864 Tipula cervicula Doane, 1901 Tipula chiricahuensis Alexander, 1946 Tipula chlorion Alexander, 1965 Tipula chumash Alexander, 1961 Tipula churchillensis Alexander, 1940 Tipula cimarronensis Rogers, 1931 Tipula cimmeria Speiser, 1909 Tipula cineracea Coquillett, 1900 Tipula circularis Alexander, 1947 Tipula cladacantha Alexander, 1945 Tipula cladacanthodes Alexander, 1964 Tipula clathrata Dietz, 1914 Tipula coconino Alexander, 1946 Tipula cognata Doane, 1901 Tipula coleana Alexander, 1940 Tipula coleomyia Alexander, 1965 Tipula collaris Say Tipula coloradensis Doane, 1911 Tipula colteri Alexander, 1943 Tipula comanche Alexander, 1916 Tipula commiscibilis Doane, 1912 Tipula comstockiana Alexander, 1947 Tipula concava Alexander Tipula conspicua Dietz, 1917 Tipula contortrix Alexander, 1944 Tipula coronado Alexander, 1946 Tipula costaloides Alexander, 1915 Tipula craverii Bellardi, 1859 Tipula criddlei Dietz, 1914 Tipula cunctans Say Tipula cylindrata Doane, 1912 Tipula dampfiana Alexander, 1946 Tipula degeneri Alexander, 1944 Tipula dejecta Walker, 1856 Tipula denali Alexander, 1969 Tipula denningi Alexander, 1969 Tipula densursi Alexander, 1943 Tipula derbyi Doane, 1912 Tipula desertorum Alexander, 1946 Tipula diabolica Alexander, 1954 Tipula diacanthophora Alexander, 1945 Tipula dickinsoni Alexander, 1932 Tipula dido Alexander, 1947 Tipula dietziana Alexander Tipula diflava Alexander, 1919 Tipula dimidiata Dietz, 1921 Tipula dis Alexander, 1962 Tipula disjuncta Walker, 1856 Tipula diversa Dietz, 1921 Tipula doaneiana Alexander, 1919 Tipula donaldi Alexander, 1965 Tipula dorothea Alexander, 1954 Tipula dorsimacula Walker, 1848 Tipula dorsolineata Doane, 1901 Tipula downesi Alexander, 1944 Tipula duplex Walker Tipula dupliciformis Alexander, 1940 Tipula edwardsi Bellardi, 1859 Tipula eluta Lw. Tipula entomophthorae Alexander, 1918 Tipula epios Alexander, 1969 Tipula esselen Alexander, 1965 Tipula estella Alexander, 1970 Tipula eurystyla Alexander, 1969 Tipula evidens Alexander, 1920 Tipula fallax Tipula fattigiana Alexander, 1944 Tipula faustina Alexander, 1941 Tipula fenderi Alexander, 1954 Tipula filamentosa Alexander, 1959 Tipula flavibasis Alexander, 1918 Tipula flavocauda Doane, 1912 Tipula flavomarginata Doane, 1912 Tipula flavoumbrosa Alexander Tipula flinti Alexander, 1970 Tipula floridensis Alexander, 1926 Tipula footeana Alexander, 1961 Tipula fragilina Alexander, 1919 Tipula fragilis Loew, 1863 Tipula fragmentata Dietz, 1919

Tipula fraterna Loew. Tipula friendi Alexander, 1941 Tipula frigida Walker, 1848 Tipula frommeri Alexander, 1973 Tipula fuliginosa (Say, 1823) Tipula fulvilineata Doane, 1912 Tipula fulvinodus Doane, 1912 Tipula furca Walker Tipula furialis Alexander, 1946 Tipula gelida Coquillett, 1900 Tipula georgiana Alexander Tipula geronimo Alexander, 1946 Tipula gertschi Alexander, 1963 Tipula glabristyla Alexander, 1946 Tipula glendenningi Alexander, 1943 Tipula gothicana Alexander, 1943 Tipula graciae Alexander, 1947 Tipula grahamina Alexander, 1963 Tipula graminivora Alexander, 1921 Tipula grenfelli Alexander, 1928 Tipula guasa Alexander, 1916 Tipula guerreroensis Alexander, 1940 Tipula hedgesi Alexander, 1961 Tipula helderbergensis Alexander, 1918 Tipula helferi Alexander, 1965 Tipula helvocincta Doane, 1901 Tipula hermannia Tipula hewitti Alexander, 1919 Tipula hirsuta Doane, 1901 Tipula hollandi Alexander, 1934 Tipula hoogstraali Alexander, 1940 Tipula horningi Alexander, 1966 Tipula hugginsi Gelhaus, 1986 Tipula huntsmaniana Dietz, 1920 Tipula huron Alexander, 1918 Tipula idahoensis Alexander, 1955 Tipula idiotricha Alexander, 1965 Tipula ignobilis Lw. Tipula illinoiensis Alexander, 1915 Tipula illustris Doane, 1901 Tipula imbellis Alexander, 1927 Tipula impudica Doane, 1901 Tipula inadusta Alexander, 1946 Tipula inclusa Dietz, 1921 Tipula incurva Doane, 1912 Tipula ingrata Dietz, 1914 Tipula insignifica Alexander, 1924 Tipula integra Alexander, 1962 Tipula inusitata Alexander, 1949 Tipula inyoensis Alexander, 1946 Tipula iroquois Alexander, 1915 Tipula jacintoensis Alexander, 1946 Tipula jacobus Alexander, 1930 Tipula jenseni Alexander, 1965 Tipula jepsoni Alexander, 1945 Tipula johanseni Alexander, 1919 Tipula johnsoniana Alexander, 1915 Tipula josephus Alexander, 1954 Tipula kaibabensis Alexander, 1946 Tipula katmaiensis Alexander, 1920 Tipula kennedyana Alexander, 1965 Tipula kennicotti Alexander, 1915 Tipula kincaidi Alexander, 1949 Tipula kirbyana Alexander, 1918 Tipula kirkwoodi Alexander, 1961 Tipula kirkwoodiana Alexander, 1965 Tipula knowltoniana Alexander, 1969 Tipula kraussi Alexander, 1946 Tipula lacteipes Alexander, 1943 Tipula lagunicola Alexander, 1969 Tipula lamellata Doane, 1901 Tipula lanei Alexander, 1940 Tipula larga Alexander, 1946 Tipula lassenensis Alexander, 1965 Tipula latipennis Loew, 1864 Tipula leechi Tipula leiocantha Alexander, 1959 Tipula leucophaea Doane, 1901 Tipula ligulipenicillata Alexander, 1946 Tipula lionota Holmgren, 1883 Tipula loewiana Alexander, 1915 Tipula loganensis Alexander, 1946 Tipula longibasis Alexander, 1946 Tipula longiventris Lw. Tipula lucida Doane, 1901 Tipula ludoviciana Alexander, 1919 Tipula lygropis Alexander, 1920 Tipula lyrifera Dietz, 1921 Tipula macleani Alexander, 1973 Tipula macnabi Alexander, 1939 Tipula macracantha Alexander, 1946 Tipula macrolaboides Alexander, 1918 Tipula macrophallus (Dietz, 1918) Tipula macswaini Alexander, 1965 Tipula maculatipennis Say, 1824 Tipula maculipleura Alexander, 1927 Tipula madera Tipula madina Dietz, 1921 Tipula magnifolia Alexander, 1948 Tipula mainensis Alexander, 1915 Tipula malkini Alexander, 1955 Tipula mallochi Alexander Tipula manahatta Alexander, 1919 Tipula mandan Alexander, 1915 Tipula margarita Alexander, 1918 Tipula mariannae Alexander, 1940 Tipula marina Doane, 1912 Tipula mariposa Alexander, 1946 Tipula maritima Alexander, 1930 Tipula martini Alexander, 1965 Tipula mayedai Alexander, 1946 Tipula mckinleyana Alexander, 1969 Tipula mecotrichia Alexander, 1966 Tipula megalodonta Alexander, 1946 Tipula megaura Doane, 1901 Tipula melanderiana Alexander, 1965 Tipula mercedensis Alexander, 1965 Tipula mesotergata Alexander, 1930 Tipula metacomet Alexander, 1965 Tipula micheneri Alexander, 1944 Tipula michoacana Alexander, 1946 Tipula middlekauffi Alexander, 1965 Tipula millardi Alexander, 1965 Tipula mitrata Dietz, 1921 Tipula miwok Alexander, 1945 Tipula moctezumae Alexander, 1925 Tipula modoc Alexander, 1945 Tipula mohavensis Alexander, 1946 Tipula mono Tipula monoana Alexander, 1965 Tipula monticola Alexander, 1915 Tipula mormon Alexander, 1948 Tipula morrisoni Alexander Tipula mulaiki Alexander, 1948 Tipula mutica Tipula nebulinervis Alexander, 1940 Tipula nebulipennis Alexander, 1919 Tipula nephophila Alexander, 1940 Tipula neptun Dietz, 1921 Tipula newcomeri Doane, 1911 Tipula nigrocorporis Doane, 1912 Tipula nimbinervis Alexander, 1946 Tipula nobilis (Loew, 1864) Tipula novaleonensis Alexander, 1940 Tipula noveboracensis Alexander, 1919 Tipula nuntia Alexander, 1946 Tipula occidentalis Doane, 1912 Tipula oleracea. Linné — Tipule potagère. Tipula olympia Doane, 1912 Tipula opisthocera Dietz, 1919 Tipula optiva Alexander, 1921 Tipula oropezoides Jn. Tipula osceola Alexander, 1927 Tipula ovalis Tipula oxytona Alexander, 1927 Tipula pachyrhinoides Alexander, 1915 Tipula pacifica Doane, 1912 Tipula packardi Alexander, 1928 Tipula paiuta Alexander, 1948 Tipula palmarum Alexander, 1947 Tipula paludosa Meigen, 1830 — Tipule des prairies. Tipula parrioides (Alexander, 1919) Tipula parshleyi Alexander, 1915 Tipula paterifera Alexander, 1962 Tipula pellucida Tipula pendulifera Alexander, 1919 Tipula penicillata Alexander, 1915 Tipula penobscot Alexander, 1915

Tipula perfidiosa Alexander, 1945 Tipula perhirtipes Alexander, 1963 Tipula perlongipes Johnson, 1909 Tipula perparvula Alexander, 1926 Tipula perretti Alexander, 1928 Tipula phoroctenia Alexander, 1919 Tipula piliceps Alexander, 1915 Tipula planicornis (Doane, 1912) Tipula platymera Walker, 1856 Tipula pleuracicula Alexander, 1915 Tipula plutonis Alexander, 1919 Tipula polingi Alexander, 1950 Tipula polycantha Alexander, 1942 Tipula powelli Alexander, 1965 Tipula powersi Alexander, 1965 Tipula praecisa Loew, 1872 Tipula praelauta Alexander, 1949 Tipula pratorum Kirby, 1837 Tipula pribilofensis Alexander, 1923 Tipula pribilovia Alexander, 1921 Tipula pritchardi Alexander, 1940 Tipula productella Alexander, 1928 Tipula productisterna Alexander, 1963 Tipula prolixa Alexander, 1947 Tipula pseudotruncorum Alexander, 1920 Tipula pubera Loew, 1864 Tipula puncticollis (Dietz, 1918) Tipula puncticornis Macquart, 1850 Tipula pura Alexander, 1941 Tipula quaylii Doane, 1909 Tipula rabiosa Alexander, 1943 Tipula rainiericola Alexander, 1946 Tipula ramona Alexander, 1941 Tipula rastristyla Alexander, 1945 Tipula raysmithi Alexander, 1965 Tipula reciproca Alexander, 1946 Tipula religiosa Alexander, 1946 Tipula repulsa Alexander, 1943 Tipula resurgens Walker, 1848 Tipula retinens Alexander, 1946 Tipula retorta Wulp, 1881 Tipula retusa Doane, 1901 Tipula rohweri Doane, 1911 Tipula rotundiloba Alexander, 1915 Tipula ruidoso Alexander, 1946 Tipula rupicola Doane, 1912 Tipula rusticola Doane, 1912 Tipula sacajawea Alexander, 1945 Tipula sackeniana Alexander, 1918 Tipula sacra Alexander, 1946 Tipula sagittifera Alexander, 1948 Tipula sanctaecruzae Alexander, 1973 Tipula sanctaeluciae Alexander, 1951 Tipula sanctaeritae Alexander, 1946 Tipula saxemontana Alexander, 1946 Tipula sayi Alexander Tipula saylori Alexander, 1961 Tipula sayloriana Alexander, 1946 Tipula schizomera Alexander, 1940 Tipula schlingeri Alexander, 1965 Tipula schusteri Alexander, 1965 Tipula selanderi Alexander, 1956 Tipula semidea Alexander, 1944 Tipula seminole Alexander, 1915 Tipula senega Alexander, 1915 Tipula seqoiarum Alexander, 1945 Tipula sequoicola Alexander, 1947 Tipula serrulata Loew, 1864 Tipula serta Loew, 1863 Tipula shastensis Alexander, 1944 Tipula shieldsi Alexander, 1965 Tipula shoshone Alexander, 1946 Tipula silvestra Doane, 1909 Tipula simondsi Alexander, 1965 Tipula simplex Tipula sinistra Dietz, 1921 Tipula siskiyouensis Alexander, 1949 Tipula smithae Alexander, 1968 Tipula snoqualmiensis Alexander, 1946 Tipula spaldingi Dietz, 1921 Tipula spatha Doane, 1912 Tipula spenceriana Alexander, 1943 Tipula spernata Dietz, 1921 Tipula spernax Osten Sacken, 1877 Tipula sperryana Alexander, 1942 Tipula spinerecta Alexander, 1947 Tipula splendens Doane, 1901 Tipula stalagmites Alexander, 1915 Tipula stenorhabda Alexander, 1941 Tipula sternata Doane, 1912 Tipula stonei Alexander, 1965 Tipula strepens Lowe, 1863 Tipula streptocera Doane, 1901 Tipula subapache Alexander, 1947 Tipula subarctica Alexander, 1919 Tipula subbarbata Alexander, 1927 Tipula subcinerea Doane, 1901 Tipula subeluta Johnson, 1913 Tipula subfasciata Loew, 1863 Tipula submaculata Lw. Tipula subpolaris Alexander, 1919 Tipula subserta Alexander, 1928 Tipula subtenuicornis Doane, 1901 Tipula subtilis Doane, 1901 Tipula subvirgo Alexander, 1951 Tipula succincta Alexander, 1940 Tipula supplicata Alexander, 1944 Tipula suttoni Alexander, 1934 Tipula sweetae Alexander, 1930 Tipula sylvicola Doane, 1912 Tipula synchroa Alexander, 1927 Tipula tacomicola Alexander, 1949 Tipula taenigaster Alexander, 1920 Tipula tancitaro Alexander, 1946 Tipula tanneri Alexander, 1948 Tipula tenaya Alexander, 1946 Tipula tenebrosa Coquillett, 1900 Tipula tennessa Alexander, 1920 Tipula tenuilinea Alexander, 1959 Tipula tephrocephala Lw. Tipula tergata Doane, 1912 Tipula ternaria Loew, 1864 Tipula tesuque Teale, 1985 Tipula texensis Alexander, 1916 Tipula thulensis Alexander, 1947 Tipula timberlakei Alexander, 1947 Tipula toklatensis Alexander, 1968 Tipula translucida Doane Tipula tribulator Alexander, 1956 Tipula trichophora Alexander, 1920 Tipula tricolor Fabricius Tipula trimaculata (Smmons, 1854) Tipula triplex Walker, 1848 Tipula tristis Doane, 1901 Tipula triton Alexander Tipula trivittata Say Tipula truculenta Alexander, 1943 Tipula trypetophora Dietz, 1919 Tipula tuscarora Alexander Tipula twightae Alexander, 1959 Tipula twogwoteeana Alexander, 1945 Tipula tyranna Alexander, 1946 Tipula ultima Alexander, 1915 Tipula umbra Alexander, 1959 Tipula umbrosa Loew. Tipula unifasciatus Tipula unimaculata (Loew, 1864) Tipula utahicola Alexander, 1948 Tipula uxoria Alexander, 1946 Tipula valida Loew, 1863 Tipula variata Alexander, 1927 Tipula vernalis Meigen — Tipule des prairies. Tipula vestigipennis Doane, 1908 Tipula vicina Dietz, 1917 Tipula virgo Osten Sacken, 1886 Tipula virgulata Williston, 1900 Tipula vitabilis Tipula vittatipennis Doane, 1912 Tipula vultuosa Alexander, 1946 Tipula warneri Alexander, 1944 Tipula werneri Alexander, 1950 Tipula whitneyi Alexander, 1923 Tipula williamsiana Alexander Tipula williamsii Doane, 1909 Tipula willissmithi Alexander, 1945 Tipula woodi Alexander, 1948 Tipula yana Alexander, 1965 Tipula yellowstonensis Alexander, 1946 Tipula yosemite Alexander, 1946 Tipula youngi Alexander, 1927 Tipula zelotypa

 

Notes et références

1. ↑ Etymologie du mot tipule sur le dictionnaire étymologique du CNRTL
2. ↑ Dérivé du latin pouplaire culicinus, diminutif de Culex
3. ↑ Thierry Creux, « Cette mouche ne ferait pas de mal à un homme. », dans Ouest France, n^o 20105, 8 octobre 2010, p. 42 

Voir aussi

Liens externes

• Référence Fauna Europaea : Tipula (en)
• Référence ITIS : Tipula Linnaeus, 1758 (fr) (+ version anglaise (en))
• Référence Animal Diversity Web : Tipula (en)
• insectes-net.fr_Tipule