- District métropolitain de Wigan
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Le district métropolitain de Wigan est un district métropolitain du Grand Manchester, dans l'Angleterre du Nord-Ouest. Il est dénommé d'après sa principale ville, Wigan et inclut également les villes de Leigh, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Ince-in-Makerfield, et Hindley. Le district a été formé en 1974 et est la réunion de plusieurs anciennes administrations locales.
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Environs
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The borough is the most north western in Greater Manchester. Within Greater Manchester, it borders the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton to the north-east and east, and the City of Salford to the east. Outwith Greater Manchester, in the south it borders Warrington (a unitary authority in Cheshire); to the south-west it borders the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside. To the west it borders the West Lancashire district, and to the north it borders the Chorley borough, both in Lancashire.Histoire
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The metropolitan borough was created on 1 April, 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972. It was formed from the former county borough of Wigan along with following existing local government units from the administrative county of Lancashire [1],[2]:- the Municipal Borough of Leigh
- the urban districts of Abram, Aspull, Atherton, Hindley, Ince-in-Makerfield, Orrell, Standish-with-Langtree and Tyldesley
- most of the Ashton-in-Makerfield Urban District (except for the area which now forms the Seneley Green parish in the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens)
- most of the Golborne Urban District (except for the area which now forms the parish of Culcheth and Glazebury in Warrington)
- part of the Billinge and Winstanley Urban District now known as Higher End
- the parishes of Haigh, Shevington and Worthington, from the Wigan Rural District.
Wigan Metropolitan Borough's new coat of arms is based on various elements from the arms of the predecessor districts.
Prior to its creation, the name Wigan-Leigh was used in the Redcliffe-Maud Report. It was then suggested that the new metropolitan borough be named Makerfield (with reference to Makerfield). However both names were rejected for Wigan, by a vote of 12 to 2[3].
From 1974, local government was under a two-tier system, with Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council covering most functions, and the Greater Manchester County Council. The county council was abolished in 1986 by the Local Government Act 1985.
The population of the borough has stayed roughly static since the 1970s at around 300,000[4].Politique
Parlement
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Four parliamentary constituencies cover the borough: Wigan, Makerfield, Leigh, and Worsley. Worsley also covers parts of Salford. New constituencies boundaries recommended by the Boundary Commission will see the link to Salford broken, and part of the borough (the Atherton ward) included in the Bolton West constituency[5]. All four seats are considered safe seats for the Labour Party, and they or predecessors have returned Labour members consistently since the Second World War. Makerfield is the only constituency to have returned Labour MPs continuously since 1906[6].Gouvernement local
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The first elections to the borough council were held on 10 May 1973[7]. Each ward has three councillors, and elections are by third, with one councillor from each ward up for re-election in each election year[1]. The 2004 election was for all seats, as ward boundaries had changed[8]. The next elections are planned for 2007[9].The borough council has a leader and cabinet system. The current leader is Peter Smith, who also sits in the House of Lords as a Labour Party life peer, under the title Lord Smith of Leigh. He first became leader in 1991[10]. The council rejected the idea of a directly-elected mayor following a consultation in 2001[11].
The Metropolitan Borough of Wigan is traditionally a Labour stronghold - the council has been Labour Party-controlled since its creation[12]. The local elections in 1998 resulted in a council with only 2 non-Labour members.
Labour have a majority with 43 seats as of the 2006 election. The second largest party on the council is the local Community Action Party, also active in St Helens and Warrington, which had 15 seats. Community Action first contested Wigan elections in 2002, and won 18 seats in the 2004 election following the re-warding - their councilors are for wards in the middle of the borough, between Wigan and Leigh. The Conservative Party has nine seats, and the Liberal Democrats eight[12],[13].
The council uses Wigan Town Hall as its main headquarters[14]. Leigh Town Hall is used as a secondary base[15].Divisions
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The borough is divided into 25 electoral wards, each of which elect three councillors. The present wards were adopted in 2003, following a review by the Boundary Commission : the previous review took place in 1979. The borough was formerly divided in 24 wards[16]. The wards are as follows[17]:- Abram
- Ashton-in-Makerfield
- Aspull New Springs Whelley
- Astley, Mosley Common
- Atherleigh
- Atherton
- Bryn
- Douglas
- Golborne and Lowton West
- Hindley
- Hindley Green
- Ince-in-Makerfield
- Leigh
- Leigh East
- Leigh South
- Leigh West
- Lowton East
- Orrell
- Pemberton
- Shevington with Standish Lower Ground
- Standish (Standish with Langtree)
- Tyldesley
- Wigan Central
- Wigan West
- Winstanley
- Worsley Mesnes
The previous wards were
- Abram
- Ashton-Golborne
- Aspull-Standish
- Atherton
- Astley
- Beech Hill
- Bryn
- Hindley Green
- Hindley
- Hindsford
- Hope Carr
- Ince
- Langtree
- Leigh Central
- Leigh East
- Lightshaw
- Newtown
- Norley
- Orrell
- Swinley
- Tyldesley East
- Whelley
- Winstanley
- Worsley Mesnes
Villes dépendantes
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The ONS identify a Wigan Urban Area as being the west of the district, including Skelmersdale and Upholland in West Lancashire, with a population of 166,840. It considers towns in the east of the borough to be part of the Greater Manchester Urban Area. Ashton-in-Makerfield, Aspull, Golborne and Shevington are identified as standalone urban areas[18].
Component areas of the borough include Wigan itself, Abram, Ashton-in-Makerfield, Aspull, Astley, Atherton, Bryn, Golborne, Haigh, Higher End, Hindley, Ince-in-Makerfield, Leigh, Lowton, Orrell, Platt Bridge, Standish, Shevington and Tyldesley.Parishes
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The borough has three civil parishes: Haigh, Shevington and Worthington. The rest of the borough is an unparished area. Turning to ecclesiastical parishes, the Wigan Deanery Parishes are under the Anglican Diocese of Liverpool and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool, although Anglican parishes in the east section of the Metropolitan Borough are under the Diocese of Manchester and the northern section under the Diocese of Blackburn.Townships
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Wigan Council has divided the borough into ten areas by the name of townships, with a Township Manager and a Township Forum each[19]. The townships are as follows:Township Wards Ashton-in-Makerfield / Bryn Ashton; Bryn Atherton Atherton Hindley / Abram Abram; Hindley; Hindley Green Leigh Atherleigh; Leigh North; Leigh South; Leigh West Lowton / Golborne Golborne and Lowton West; Lowton East Orrell / Higher End / Winstanley Orrell; Winstanley; Billinge Higher End Standish / Aspull / Shevington Aspull-New Springs-Whelley; Shevington with Lower Ground; Standish with Langtree Tyldesley / Astley Astley-Mosley Common; Tyldesley Wigan North Ince; Wigan Central; Wigan West Wigan South Douglas; Pemberton; Worsley Mesnes Démographie
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With a population of around 300,000, Wigan is the second most populous borough of Greater Manchester, after Manchester itself. It also has one of the lowest non-white populations, with the 2001 census reporting 98.7% of the population as white. Unemployment is around average for England and Wales. 9.5% of the population is "permanently sick or disabled" compared to an average of 5.5%[20].Population
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The table below details the population change since 1801, including the percentage change since the last available census data. Although the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan has only existed 1974, figures have been generated by combining data from the towns, villages, and civil parishes that would later be constituent parts of the borough.Évolution démographique
(Source : Vision of Britain[21])1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 41,413 50,464 60,760 69,400 78,349 93,271 120,001 146,732 173,462 212,665 239,399 269,503 267,754 266,040 266,436 266,839 284,309 302,929 307,721 310,866 301,415 Identité
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According to an opinion poll, 26% of 299 residents surveyed felt they belonged "very strongly" or "fairly strongly" (4% very strongly) to Greater Manchester, 64% (28% very strongly) to the borough of Wigan, and 63% (31% very strongly) to Lancashire[22].Transports
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Several railway lines cross the borough. Wigan Wallgate railway station is served by trains to Southport, Kirkby, Manchester Victoria and Rochdale. Wigan North Western railway station is located on the West Coast Main Line and trains run from there to Liverpool Lime Street and Blackpool North.Other stations are Atherton, Bryn (Ashton in Makerfield), Gathurst (Shevington), Hindley, Ince, Orrell, and Pemberton. There is also a long running campaign for Golborne railway station to be re-opened.
Leigh is the largest town in the UK whitout a railway station. One station, on the Bolton and Leigh Railway, closed in 1954. The second, on a loop of the Manchester to Wigan Line was closed in 1969[23].
The Leeds and Liverpool Canal passes through the borough, as does the M6 motorway, which runs through the west of the borough, and serves Ashton-in-Makerfield (junctions 23 and 24 (north only) and 25 (south only)), Wigan 25 (south only), Wigan and Orrell (26) and Standish (27). The M58 motorway, to northern Liverpool, terminates at junction 26 of the M6 (Orrell). The A580 (East Lancashire Road), Liverpool to Manchester link, passes through the south of the borough.Jumelage
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(en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article en anglais intitulé « Metropolitan Borough of Wigan » (voir la liste des auteurs)
- Local Government Act 1972. 1972 c. 60, HMSO
- Local Government (Successor Parishes) Order 1973. 1973/1110, HMSO
- Clark 1973, p. 101.
- Wigan District population, Vision of Britain, University of Portsmouth. Consulté le 2007-02-11
- Greater Manchester: New Constituency Boundaries, Martin Baxter. Consulté le 2007-02-11
- Safe Seats analysis, Electoral Reform Society, 2005-04-28. Consulté le 2007-02-11
- Three major parties find cause for satisfaction in local election results despite low poll, The Times (1973-05-12).
- Wigan council, BBC News (2004-06-11).
- (en) The Borough of Wigan (Electoral Changes) Order 2004, Her Majesty's Stationery Office [lire en ligne]
- Constitution: Part 9, Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council
- Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council (2001-06-15). Borough rejects elected mayor. Communiqué de presse. Consulté le 2001-06-15.
- Local elections: Wigan, BBC News (2006-05-04). Consulté le 2007-02-11.
- Labour licks wounds after polls, BBC News (2004-06-11). Consulté le 2004-06-11.
- Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council (2006-08-07). 21st century Town Hall. Communiqué de presse. Consulté le 2007-02-11.
- (2006-06-13). Makeover for Leigh Town Hall. Communiqué de presse. Consulté le 2007-02-11.
- (en) Final recommendations on the future electoral arrangements for Wigan, Boundary Committee, septembre 2003, PDF [lire en ligne (page consultée le 2007-02-11)]
- New Wigan Wards Map, Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council
- Table KS01 Usual Resident population, Office for National Statistics
- Townships, Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council. Consulté le 2006-11-06
- Census 2001 - Profiles - Wigan, Office for National Statistics. Consulté le 2007-02-11
- (en)Wigan District: total population, Vision of Britain. Consulté le 20 décember 2008
- MORI local government and identity opinion poll December 2003 - February 2004, The Boundary Committee for England. Consulté le 2007-02-11
- Pennington Station, Disused Stations, Subterranea Britanica. Consulté le 2007-02-11
- Town Twinning, Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council. Consulté le 2007-02-11
Bibliographie
- David M. Clark, Greater Manchester Votes : A Guide to the New Metropolitan Authorities, Redrose, 1973
Liens externes
- (en) The Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Pennine Waterways. Consulté le 2006-05-03
- (en) Towpath Treks, « The Leeds & Liverpool Canal in Wigan », 2006
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